Dickens expresses his social concerns and urges compassion for those in need, showing the effects of poverty through references to hardship, workhouses, debt and prisons.

Dickens shows the consequences of political and social policy in Victorian England as Scrooge is forced to face the consequences of his choices and actions.

Examples such as Fred, the Fezziwigs and the Cratchits emphasise the value that Dickens places on the comforts and pleasures of home and family life.

The novel defines the spirit of Christmas and its traditions by emphasising universal goodwill, compassion for the poor and family celebrations.

Scrooge’s transformation, and the forgiveness he receives from others, reflects the Christian idea of redemption for all who admit their mistakes and amend their lives.